Lameness in dairy cows represents a significant challenge, merging concerns for animal health and welfare with substantial economic impacts. Ranking as the third most costly issue in the dairy industry, closely following mastitis and fertility problems, it incurs significant direct

Lameness in dairy cattle is a significant issue, impacting not only the health and welfare of cows but also carrying substantial economic consequences for the dairy industry. The term ‘lameness’ broadly refers to any deviation from a cow’s normal gait